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Cancer Biomarkers: Powering Precision Medicine
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Cancer Biomarkers: Powering Precision Medicine

Cancer Biomarkers: Powering Precision Medicine
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Cancer Biomarkers: Powering Precision Medicine

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Researchers are developing biomarker tests to detect cancer early, monitor therapeutic efficacy and predict outcomes – making diagnosis and treatment more precise.

“A biomarker is generally something that you can measure in a patient that will give you information,” explains Karen Swales, Senior Scientific Officer in the药效动力学生物标志物组在英国伦敦癌症研究所。“但是结果将取决于特定的生物标志物类型。”

诊断biomarkers can detect and identify cancer or its relapse, prognostic biomarkers give an early indication of the severity of the disease, and predictive biomarkers can help doctors to select what therapies might work best for a patient. During clinical trials, pharmacodynamic biomarkers can offer an early insight into the effects of an experimental drug on the body.

作为cancer is a genetic disease这是由基因组改变的驱动,人们对肿瘤的遗传分析有了很大的关注。但是研究人员还在开发生物标志物测试以测量不同的分子变化,并使用易于从患者(例如血液或头发)收集的样品。

Stratifying patients using genetic biomarkers

The ever-increasing catalog of genetic changes involved in cancer development is fueling a new generation of targeted drugs that are designed to address specific weaknesses in tumor cells. But these drugs will only work in a subset of patients – creating a demand for genetic stratification.

例如,分子测试对特定突变布拉夫gene in metastatic melanomasis used to identify people who may benefit from BRAF inhibitors - or克拉斯转移性结直肠肿瘤中的突变测试在开处方表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)阻滞剂之前。

“我们看到越来越需要衡量越来越多的基于DNA的改动。”Edwin Cuppen,荷兰哈特维格医学基金会的科学主任。

随着越来越多的靶向药物继续进入市场,每种药物都有自己的配对生物标志物测试,以识别特定的患者子集,这为临床医生带来了新的挑战。由于复杂性的不断增长,一些研究人员强调需要从单个测试转换为更全面的基因组肿瘤分析。

快速发展next-generation sequencing technologies正在实现这一转变。许多大规模肿瘤基因组测序程序,例如100,000个基因组项目,重点是对原发性肿瘤的分析。但是最近进行的一项大型研究进行了转移性肿瘤的全基因组测序

“We found that 62% of metastatic tumors had genetic biomarkers that may be used to stratify patients towards therapies that have either been approved or are in clinical trials,” says Cuppen.

尽管并不总是为患者的指示注册具体治疗后续试点研究,有34%的患者有临床反应after being prescribed the suggested off-label therapy.

“This might be a very useful approach, if it’s properly documented,” says Cuppen.

Biomarkers are accelerating clinical trials

Pharmacodynamic biomarkers, which measure whether a drug is biologically available and is hitting its desired target, can help inform the best dosage and schedules for an experimental drug - or enable go/no-go decisions on whether it should be progressed further.

Swales解释说:“我们可以告诉医生何时达到了实际上关闭目标的剂量,这使他们有机会降低毒性而不会影响药物对癌症的影响。”

在不同时间点测试样品还可以使临床医生能够优化药物调度。

“例如,我们能够在I期中反馈trial of a novel PI3K inhibitorSwales说:“每天只给药一次并不能抑制靶标的时间。”“因此,该公司转向每天两次的剂量,以进入第二阶段。”

传统上,第一阶段试验涉及给不同的患者增加剂量的药物,但是药效生物标志物为创新策略提供了机会,可以帮助加快这一过程。

“We’ve been involved in a trial that used intra-patient dose escalation, which proved very successful,” says Swales.

开发强大的生物标志物测定

确定最佳的药效生物标志物并开发最合适的测定法需要很好地了解该药物旨在靶向的途径。

“Many drugs target overactive proteins that help a tumor to grow and spread,” explains Swales. “So, we will often need to design an assay to see whether it is successfully switching off that protein – and how long for.”

许多研究人员使用免疫测定法,可以准确检测和量化感兴趣的蛋白质 - 即使仅在极低的水平下存在。但是,许多这些技术的主要挑战是对两种高度特异性抗体的要求。

Swales说:“但是新型生物标志物通常是不可能的。”“可能没有可用的抗体,我们需要太快开发测定,以使我们能够生成自定义抗体。”

To help overcome this challenge, the team is using a新的基于毛细管的免疫测定法被称为WES

Swales解释说:“这有点像蛋白质印迹,但凝胶在玻璃毛细管中完成。”“除了只需要一种抗体外,它还需要更快,而且您需要较小的量,这对于临床样品非常重要。

侵入性较小的样本收集

药效生物标志物的黄金标准涉及肿瘤活检的测试。但是这些可能很难收集,特别是对于只能使用侵入性手术程序才能达到体内深处的癌症。

Swales说:“您通常只获得剂量前和剂量后肿瘤样本 - 因此,您只能在预测何时服用的合适时刻才真正获得一枪。”

Researchers are aiming to develop assays that can measure relevant biomarkers in samples that are more easily accessible, opening more opportunities for serial collection.

Swales说:“例如,我们与血小板合作了很多,这非常适合查看某些磷蛋白的变化。”“而且我们还开发了摘下眉毛的测定法,病人通常很高兴我们定期收集。”

但是,由于某些靶标仅在肿瘤中表达,因此开发需要微小样品体积的敏感分子测定可能是有益的。

“We’re working on a clinical trial where we are using a novel molecular assay to measure RNA biomarkers, which was not only appropriate for that drug target but means we can get a lot more data from a tumor sample than we might otherwise,” says Swales.

Benefits for patients

Cancer biomarkers are already starting to transform patient diagnosis and treatment – but this is only the beginning of精密医学

虽然基于DNA的肿瘤生物标志物的测试已经在帮助医生为个别患者选择药物,但全基因组测序却将其提高到新的复杂水平。

Cuppen说:“我们认为,每个癌症患者都应该有机会对其肿瘤DNA的高分辨率图像进行分类,以分类所有可用的治疗选择。”

研究人员正在使用生物标志物来加快药物开发,这应该导致更快地接近癌症患者的有效新疗法。

Swales说:“知道您正在使用的药物可以帮助患者寿命更长的寿命是一件了不起的事情。”

Meet The Author
Alison Halliday, PhD
Alison Halliday, PhD
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