无论我们是否知道，我们都依靠生活中许多方面的分析技术，从开发药物到确保食物安全到执行法律。然而，许多需要评估的化合物都处于复杂的混合物中，因此包括色谱包括化学分离技术是许多分析方案和实验室的核心。

有一系列的色谱技术可以利用潜在分析物的不同特性，因此各自适合不同的目的。从广义上讲，它们可以细分为气相色谱（GC）和液相色谱法（LC）。在本文中，我们将重点关注GC，其工作原理，其与下游技术及其应用程序配对。

Section quick links

What is gas chromatography and how does it work?
气相色谱数据处理
多维气相色谱法
将气相色谱与其他分析技术相结合
Applications of gas chromatography

- 石化

-生物制药

- 个人护理产品

- 比利时罗马尼亚比分直播毒品发现

- 食品与饮品

- 取证

- 环境的

- 代谢组学，脂质组学和蛋白质组学

- 大麻科学

致力于绿色的气相色谱法

What is gas chromatography and how does it work?

GC分析分析物是基于physicaland化学properties of the compounds within the sample. Samples may be solid, liquid or gas but may require preparation steps prior to introduction to the GC instrument.

For an analyte to be suitable for GC separation, it must be volatile enough to enable it to be carried through the system, but thermally stable to prevent its degradation during the separation process. Consequently, the technique is typically used for organic molecules and gases below 125 kDa.

样品被引入惰性载气 - 流动阶段的GC仪器中。这是加热的，导致样品蒸发。然后将含有蒸发样品的载气转移到固定相中，此处的相互作用导致样品中的化学成分根据其物理和化学性质分离。根据感兴趣的分析物，可以使用不同的固定阶段。

Interaction of analytes with the GC stationary phase in turn impacts how quickly they elute from the column and this is recorded by the GC detector. Different types of detector can be used depending on the properties of the analytes of interest.

虽然GC通常用于分析容易蒸发的样品，但检测low-level ionic impuritiescan be challenging. This is often due to contamination from previous injections and careful troubleshooting, which can be time consuming, is required.

For compounds where theirpolarity or volatilityare not amenable to efficient elution from a GC column, pre-treatment steps, known as “derivatization”, may be necessary to achieve detectable analytes.

气相色谱数据处理

It is of key importance to be able to extract useful information from the sea of data generated from GC analyses. Users must be able to process it in a meaningful way and even identify problems that may require refinements of the methodology, troubleshooting or maintenance of the instrument. Targets for further analyses may also be identified at this point, for example where peaks cannot be resolved.

贮存of large quantities of data is another important consideration, one for which many have turned to cloud solutions to accommodate.Data repositorieswhich can be freely mined by other users are a valuable source for expanding the utility of generated GC data, particularly in a research setting.

效率注意事项和数据合规性，尤其是在高吞吐量环境中或与供应链相关的设置中，无论是食品还是药品，都是公司可能选择处理其GC数据的系统中的重要因素。因此，许多商业实验室使用某种形式chromatography data system(CDS) to manage the information. There are many options and suppliers to choose from, so it’s important to选择一个CD这是适合您的特定需求和应用程序。但是，即使如此，使用不当也会导致监管违规行为。

越来越多的解决方案offered by vendors of GC instruments are not just concerned with the chemical analyses, but encompass data processing, data handling and service packages. Metrics on instrument performance can be collected that enable streamlining recommendations, servicing and maintenance to be apportioned efficiently and with less hands-on time required.

多维气相色谱法

对于高复杂性样本或需要痕量检测的地方，multi-dimensional GC可以使用，这在有阻碍有效分离的拥挤或共同洗脱的分析峰时特别有用。在这里，第一轮GC的洗脱液的一部分经过第二个GC分离，通常使用具有不同特性的GC柱，允许有效的分离。

将气相色谱与其他分析技术相结合

像GC这样的分离技术可以是连字符to other detection technologies. GC is most frequently used in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), whereby MS is used in place of the GC detector. It can also be hyphenated to other spectral detection techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Where complex mixtures are involved, combining GC with one or more other techniques can be powerful in enabling accurate and sensitive identification of target molecules.

Applications of gas chromatography

GC分离提供了速度，敏感性和简单性，用于检测和识别复杂混合物中的化学成分，直至痕量水平。因此，这些特性使GC成为许多应用领域中的有利技术。

-石化

这石化industry provides excellent examples of complex analytes such as crude oil, which contains thousands of compounds covering a wide range of molecular weights and boiling points. GC is a key technique at every stage of the process from prospecting, through the refining process, to testing and formulating the final products and ensuring compliance with industry and environmental regulations.

-生物制药

在纯化生物制药产品中，GC起着工具作用。根据行业的性质，流程疗效和效率large scale purificationare key requirements.

- 个人护理产品

消费产品that aren’t directly consumed, like fragrances, creams, lotions, toiletries and cosmetics, must still be tested to ensure their safety and the absence of carry-over from the production process.

- 比利时罗马尼亚比分直播毒品发现

In比利时罗马尼亚比分直播，，，，GC is an important tool for ensuring thepurity, safety and qualityof drug components and the final drugs that go to market. There is a risk thatsolvents在生产过程中使用的产品可能保留在产品中。因此，许多溶剂的化学性质，使GC成为其检测的流行选择。毒品回忆起头条新闻，例如Zantac，强调这些分析在药物安全中起的重要作用。在这种情况下nitrosamine罪魁祸首是可能的致癌物。在多种药物中已经鉴定出硝基胺，并被认为在药物制造或污染原材料或包装期间形成。

- 食品与饮品

关于食品行业，分析测试要求有多个方面，包括一系列安全，质量和真实性方面。最重要的是，生产商希望改善其产品，并使其对消费者尽可能愉快，同时最大程度地减少成本和简化流程。因此，了解我们的饮食经验背后的化学反应对于食品和饮料部门的研发工作至关重要。

即使是一个子类别，例如污染物检测，也包括从mycotoxinsto农药即使在低浓度下，也可能需要检测功能。因此，GC可以是有用的工具选择性和灵敏度为了trained users。GC将有机化合物从复杂混合物中分离出来的能力，包括其他物质，例如脂质，酸，矿物质和蛋白质，也使其在食品和饮料分析中很有用。这已经启用了从pesticide traces in baby foodto鸡蛋中的杀虫剂，引起的物质软木污染。Improvements in GC and its hyphenated systems, particularly in relation to food matrix challenges, have减少停机时间和改进的系统鲁棒性，对于在许多食物测试环境中看到的高吞吐量很重要。

Dioxins相关化学品是另一个引起人们越来越关注的GC靶标，因为它们可以持续并积累在环境中并进入食物链即使在低水平上，它们也可能是毒性的。

Food analysis requirements don’t stop once the food is packaged either.Food contact contaminants，包括从包装本身转移，是一个关注的领域，也是应用GC的领域。

水，虽然是一个挑战较小的矩阵，但可能是污染的枢纽，其清洁度对环境和消费者至关重要。这需要在多个点进行水测试环境and the饮用水系统。即便是disinfection process本身可以引入有害物质，因此有效测试是关键。

在某些情况下，分析师正在寻找特定目标或目标in their analyses, the target is not always known.不定期的筛选在这里特别重要，也有助于确定新兴污染物。

微塑料are increasingly being looked for and identified in foods and beverages, although their impact on our health is still yet to be determined. Thermal analysis paired with GC and MS is one of the tools available for scientists in these continuing investigations.

In thewine industry，，，，GC has been在生产过程的许多阶段使用。随着葡萄酒生产地区野火的越来越多的问题，GC已应用于detection of taint from wildfire smoke在葡萄酒生产之前可能会影响风味的水果中。在过程的另一端，GC也揭示了背后的化学葡萄酒花束，深入了解我们的感官经历。

在食品和饮料环境中使用GC的一个缺点是，它不提供某些专为设计的光谱平台的便携式或手持格式rapid on-site testing因此，履行了不同的分析作用。

- 取证

GC在法医分析中扮演着关键角色，无论是在欺诈检测还是非法毒品战争中。

粮食和饮料欺诈是一个数百万美元的行业，不仅会造成购买者并破坏经济，而且可能使消费者的健康受到威胁。高价值商品，例如vintage wines，，，，spirits，，，，橄榄油麦卢卡蜂蜜是欺诈者的主要目标。但是，即使是易于替代的较低价值的散装物品，例如干草和牛奶粉，已成为目标。

执法部门与发展和改变非法的人之间存在持续的军备竞赛设计师药物。As analytical tools become available to detect one group of compounds, others are springing up, some of which are incredibly potent even in small quantities. Therefore, analysts require techniques that are highly specific and sensitive to检测和识别有问题的物质。合成阿片类药物家族fentanyls一直是一个特别有问题的物质。从GC光谱中，可以预测尚未在分析图书馆中的未知芬太尼的结构可以预测，从而帮助科学家跟上新兴的危险。

这矩阵在其中需要检测到非法药物也可能是复杂且具有挑战性的，从血液和尿液到头发，口服液体，呼吸和汗水。然而，这是GC非常适合的挑战，因为它能够应对与复杂混合物分离的物质分离的能力。

- 环境的

GC用于检测已知和未知物质在环境中，有时在非常低的浓度下。这些包括农药，，，，微塑料，，，，二恶英，尼古丁，化学反应副产品甚至explosives。诸如有机氯农药即使在低浓度下也可能是剧毒。因此，选择性和灵敏度of GC make it well suited to this application. In other applications, such as microplastic analysis, it may be justone a number of techniques用于检测过程，其组合可以提供更大的检测能力。“环境”样品也不仅限于室外环境。必须监控室内空间，例如实验室，准备和制造设施以及洁净室，以检测和防止不必要的污染。

水is a frequent medium for environmental samples, not least as it often links into the consumer system, but other sample types including土壤，，，，plant matter, surface swabs and air are used too.

- 代谢组学，脂质组学和蛋白质组学

When metabolomics was still in its infancy, GC-MS was a key technique that enabled researchers to measure metabolites inhuman urine and tissue，，，，opening doors in systems biology. Now in the omics age, metabolomics, lipidomics and proteomics are providing invaluable insights into health and disease. Thanks to its resolution, reproducibility and peak capacity, GC is still a key analytical tool in this field. Given the sheer size and diversity of the metabolome,enhanced coverage使用2D-GC也可以实现。

在代谢组学中，GC正在帮助揭开分子水平的谜团，这可能会导致更准确死亡时间估计。有所作为的其他领域包括improving the understanding of toxicity mechanisms from medicinal drugs, cosmetic components and contaminants, nutrigenomics, aiding crop scientists in improving herbicides and pesticides and metabolic genome-wide association studies.

像人类代谢组数据库这样的资源正在帮助将数据汇总在一起，以便研究人员可以集体解码我们体内的代谢途径。This is, however, a big challenge, one with which深度学习is lending a helping hand.

In lipidomics, GC has provided data leading to an improved understanding of areas fromstem cell differentiationand insights on脂肪酸和胆固醇useful for pharma and biotech, to疾病风险预测和评估化妆品行业的产品索赔。这critical role that lipids play in many cellular processes means the technique is also important for the emerging area of基于脂质的疾病生物标志物research.

In蛋白质组学，，，，GC is one of the armory of fundamental techniques used by scientists to achieve effective protein separation for downstream analysis.

- 大麻科学

In the growing cannabis industry, many analytical needs mirror those seen in the food and beverage, environmental and pharmaceutical sectors. Consequently, GC is also a key analytical tool in this sector. Requirements range from accurate andsensitive（在每分亿范围内）检测农药残留物种植者和许多基于植物的作物一样用于食用和基于大麻的饮料为了contaminants例如残留溶剂。Some食品矩阵，，，，例如lactose and sugar, can prove challenging for cannabis analyses, especially when combined with the diversity of cannabinoids and potential for sample heterogeneity when combined into consumer products. However, modified GC-based methods have been fundamental in improving the transparency of cannabis consumables and have been pivotal inovercoming technical analytical challenges。

Due to their volatile nature, GC has been favored for萜烯测试。最近，顶空固相微萃取（HSPM）与GC – MS结合使用，因为它是无损的，并且消除了共同提取的矩阵的干扰。

在受管制大麻的药品的一侧，最终产品也必须经历质量控制为了确保安全性，纯度和纠正基于大麻的药物中活性成分的剂量。与其他基于色谱的方法不同，GC可以实现效力测试，萜烯分析，农药筛选和残留溶剂分析，所有这些分析都有助于保护消费市场并使GC成为这个空间中的多功能工具。

作为大麻行业continues to grow，GC似乎将继续成为大麻科学的关键工具。

致力于绿色的气相色谱法

尽管GC是一种宝贵的技术，但它远非环保的技术，需要大量的功率输入来维持真空，压力和温度，并从运行设备和分析本身的情况下产生有害的废物产品。但是，科学家和工程师正在共同创建设备解决方案减少环境影响。